 Oxford English Dictionary Collection 2009-2010 | 4.24 GB
This
update marks the end of an era for the OED Online. After forty-three
regular quarterly updates, the OED Online is soon to get a new look,
with a new design and important new functionality.
The editors have
been contributing to the development process, and things are looking
good at present for the relaunch. Watch out for more information over
the next couple of months...
But back to the current update.
We're moving towards the end of the letter R, and the most significant
of the twelve hundred or so entries revised and updated in this release
(rod to rotness) include:
rod, rodent, rodeo, roe, roentgen,
rogation, rogue, roil, role, roll, roller, roller skate, rollick,
rolling, roll-out, roll-over, roly-poly, Roman, Roman Catholic,
romance, Romanesque, Romanian, Romanist, Romano-, Romansh, romantic,
romanticize, Romany, Romeo, romp, rondeau, rondo, rood, roof, rooftop,
rook, rookery, rookie, room, roomy, roost, rooster, root, rootsy, rope,
ropy, Rorschach, rosary, rose, rosebud, rosemary, rosette, rosewood,
roster, rostrum, rosy, rot, rotary, rotate, rotation, rote, rotifer,
rotisserie.
We worked on roding (included in this release) for
the Supplement to the OED back in the seventies. The roding is ‘the
performance by a male woodcock of a regular display flight at dusk and
dawn’. I remember thinking I was glad there were still words like that
around, and revising the entry has allowed us to bring it (and the
associated verb and noun rode) right up to date.
Woodcocks are
mentioned in more OED definitions than one might imagine (there are
twenty-four instances). Another of our words, rogue, illustrates
different issues. The most important new fact about the word rogue (as
far as its treatment in the OED is concerned) is that it can now be
documented from the late Middle English period (Caxton, 1489: in a
translation of Christine de Pisan), rather than from the Early Modern
period. Previously, the earliest reference in the OED dated from 1561,
a time when the apparent prevalence of bands of rogues and vagabonds in
Britain was the subject of great concern to the national and local
authorities. But wandering rogues and vagabonds were a long-standing
problem, viewed by some as originally a continental malaise going back
well into the fifteenth century. And so it is not entirely surprising
to find late Middle English documentation for the word.
One of
the largest set of entries in the current release is the roll group,
following hard on the heels of the rock words in the previous release.
The verb roll has 187 senses in its revised form, dating from the
Middle English period (around 1325, of a vessel swaying or rocking on
the sea) right up to 1991, with the recent American rap-inspired
meaning ‘to act or behave (in a certain way)’ first recorded in MC
Hammer and Felton Pilate's song ‘This is the way we roll’. In all, 130
of the senses in the entry for the verb roll (i.e. 69.5%) have been
provided with earlier attestations as a result of reading (books) and
searching (databases) on the part of editors and contributors. This is
one of the highest rates we have recorded to date.
This new
material has its effect on the structure of the entry. In OED1, roll
opens in revolving and rotating mode, and the senses are ordered to
illustrate this. After reviewing the evidence for OED3 we start the
entry in a way which slightly undercuts (I think correctly) the bold
Victorian certainty of rolling. The first senses recorded in English
are in the senses of ‘swaying’ and ‘wearing down, smoothing’, before
the all-powerful revolving sense takes over. The dating is not
particularly significant at this distance in time, but it's a useful
reminder that semantic evolution is not necessarily as straightforward
as we might imagine it to be in retrospect.
There are numerous
other significant terms in this range. One which is more recent that
roll, but perhaps older than many people think, is rookie (probably a
shortening of recruit). In 1909, when the instalment covering this
range of the dictionary was first published, OED1 left us tantalizingly
wanting more. The tiny entry for rooky simply read ‘slang. A raw
recruit.’ and provided a single quotation (from Kipling's Many
Inventions, 1893) as its documentary evidence for the term. For the OED
Supplement of 1933, this was expanded by the addition of two later
quotations, and a further meaning: ‘a beginner at base-ball’.
This
is clearly a word that has pricked the consciences of lexicographers of
the past century. The Supplement to the OED of 1982 (vol. 3) moved the
entry from the spelling rooky to rookie, and added a one-year
antedating (1892, again from Kipling: Barrack Room Ballads), and a
further fifteen illustrative examples, mainly from the 20th century. It
handled all meanings (an army recruit, a police recruit, a novice on a
sports team) as shades of the basic meaning ‘a raw recruit’. The
Supplement then added a further paragraph of ten quotations showing the
word in adjectival use.
The result of all this supplementation
is that the entry is awash with helpful additions, but lacks some of
its original focus. In revising it, today's editors had plenty of scope
for reviewing the content and structure of the entry. As revised, the
noun (of course in the principal form rookie) has two major
sub-meanings: recruits in a profession (the army or police, etc.), and
recruits on a sports team. Until several weeks before this range was
signed off for publication, our earliest evidence for the word came
from the magazine London Society for 1883 (predating Kipling). But as
the boom came down on the entry, a substantial antedating from
Colburn's United Services Magazine (1868) arrived, and that currently
stands as the first reference to rookie that has been discovered. It
was a relatively new term in English when the OED first noted it in
1909. One hundred years later its rookie status has been consolidated
into a regular entry in the revised OED.
Home : www.oed.com
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